Chapter 7 E commerce - 758 Words

QUESTION 1. Write a paragraph to explain and distinguish between a virtual community and a social networking web site. In Social networks everyone has their own social network (whether online or offline). Everyone has friends, families, and people they are acquainted with. An online social networking site simply makes our social networks visible to others who are not in our immediate network. So the single most important feature that distinguishes a social network from a community is how people are held together on these sites. In a social network, people are held together by pre-established interpersonal relationships, such as kinship, friendship, classmates, colleagues, business partners, etc. The connections are built one at a†¦show more content†¦Find My Phone uses state-of-the-art GPS technology to accurately locate phones. Note: For this feature to function, the Find My Phone app needs to be installed on both your phone and the phone of the person you want to track or locate Google Maps The Google Maps app for Android phones and tablets makes navigating to your desired location faster and easier. It enables you find the best spots in town and the information you need to get there. Google Maps includes various relevant features such as †¢ Comprehensive, accurate maps in 220 countries and territories †¢ Voice-guided GPS navigation for driving, biking, and walking †¢ Transit directions and maps for over 15,000 towns and cities †¢ Live traffic conditions, incident reports, and automatic rerouting to find the best route †¢ Detailed information on more than 100 million places †¢ Street View and indoor imagery for restaurants, museums, andShow MoreRelatedElectronic Commerce ( E Commerce )1286 Words   |  6 Pagesopportunities (E-business, eEurope, n.d). More and more companies have discovered the advantage of using the Internet as a communication tool to reach consumers at any place and at any time. This also enables consumers to search and gather information about products and services online. The word e-commerce refers to all transactions online. Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is the area in which we are to do our research and throughout this dissertation we will discuss consumer trust in e-commerce. The termRead MorePrivacy Issues Of Data Mining And Data Publishing1404 Words   |  6 Pagesmining and Data Publishing: With the buzz around many big data applications, privacy concerns regarding their uses have also grown. With the personal data has been mined and published every day, the battle to reclaim the privacy starts vigorously. E-commerce websites harvests information about all the online searches of customers. Social Media exposes the likes and preferences of people, their photos and all their daily activities. Video surveillance monitors the movement of people. The data gets publishedRead MoreSWOT Analysis Of Walmart1446 Words   |  6 PagesThe e-business that I have chosen for my paper is Walmart.com, a company with an e-business operation. Wal-Mart is a highly profitable international retail business, which operates a global chain of discount department and warehouse stores. The retail corporation is, by revenue, the world’s largest company. I decided to pick Wal-Mart as my topic because I wanted to learn more about how the second largest online retailer, behind Amazon, runs the ir e-business corporation. Chapter 1- SWOT AnalysisRead MoreComputer Security Systems Report : A Literature Review For Electronic Commerce Security850 Words   |  4 PagesCSci530 Computer Security Systems report: A literature review for Electronic Commerce Security Zhiheng Chu 4398125439 zchu@usc.edu I have read the Guide to Avoiding Plagiarism published by the student affairs office. I understand what is expected of me with respect to properly citing sources, and how to avoid representing the work of others as my own. I wrote the material in this paper, except for such material that is quoted or indented and properly cited to indicate the sources of the materialRead MoreE-Commerce Servers and Their Associated Components1438 Words   |  6 Pages1) (This is a report so it may be a little longer and have more cites, be sure to credit all sources of information) Select a topic related to E-commerce technology, covered in Chapter 3 or 4 of the text, which you want to learn more about. Find at least two web resources that give you some information on that topic. Post links to those sites and give summaries of the new information you learned. Include some discussion as to why you chose this area and what more you would like to know. DiscussionRead MoreDivision of Commerce: Informatio n Management991 Words   |  4 PagesCOMMUNITY COLLEGE OF CITY UNIVERSITY DIVISION OF COMMERCE SEMESTER B 2012/2013 COURSE OUTLINE |Module Code |CM20119 | |Module Title |INFORMATION MANAGEMENT | |Course Examiner: Dr. Jack Yeung |Office: AC2-5418 Main Campus Read MoreMis Quiz1186 Words   |  5 Pages------------------------------------------------- Course Pre-requisites: ITE100, ENG105 Credit hours: 3 ------------------------------------------------- Instructor’s Name: Dr. Mehmood Khan Telephone: 02 – 501 5346 ------------------------------------------------- E-mail: mehmood.khan@adu.ac.ae Class Time: 12:00 – 14:10 (Sun through Thu) ------------------------------------------------- Office Location: D2F-64 Office Hours: 17:10 – 18:10 (Sun through Wed) 1Read MoreQuestions on Operations Management1661 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Chapter 1: Introduction to Operations Management Overview This chapter provides a definition of operations management. The role and importance of operations in an organization are described, along with operations decisions that are made. The differences between manufacturing and services are described. The history and current trends of operations management are discussed, including the impact of information systems. Finally, the interaction between operations and other business functionsRead MoreChap12 Ais1343 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 12 test bank TRUE OR FALSE. 1. Private industrial networks are the largest form of B2B e-commerce. ANS. TRUE 2. EDI systems are seller-side solutions. ANS. FALSE 3. Net market places are growing at a faster rate than private industrial networks. ANS. TRUE 4. E-distributors typically operate in vertical markets. ANS. FALSE 5. Exchanges tend to be biased toward the seller even though they are independently owned and presumably neutral. ANS. FALSE 6. Industry consortia are typicallyRead MoreThe Export of Canada Goose Inc. Jackets to South Korea3468 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction 2 Chapter 1: Research Methodology and Data Collection 4 Chapter 2: Barriers to Entry 5 Chapter 3: Proposed Distribution Channel 9 Chapter 4: E-Commerce 12 Conclusions

Give Examples of social injustice Free Essays

We see the social injustice against women in the novel Parvana and Newspaper article â€Å"Mukhtar Fought Back†. In the novel Parvana we were shown social injustice where eleven year old girl Parvana had to masquerade as a boy to gain access to the outside world. For much of the story her father is imprisoned leaving only her mother, older sister and two very young siblings. We will write a custom essay sample on Give Examples of social injustice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most of the country is ruled by the Taliban and Taliban laws require women to cover themselves ban girls from attending school or going out unescorted. She has rarely been outside but Parvana’s disguise provides her a measure of freedom and the means to support her family. I believe that humans, female or male have desire to learn but discover that the laws are so socially restricting for females that they must resort to disguise and further risks. This is injustice not only to females but humankind. I think since the â€Å"Taliban† were corrupted in their beliefs they carried these laws on women. As there were misbelieves at higher level, people under them followed the road of injustice for e. g. some soldiers raped women who didn’t cover themselves including their face. This also shows why parents in third world countries desire to have a male child because the boys provide more freedom and measures to families. Another example of social injustice against women is shown in the Newspaper article â€Å"Mukhtar Fought Back†. Mukhtar Mai was gang raped for an offence supposedly committed by her twelve years old brother Shakur. Mukhtar and her family are from the low Gujar caste and are expected to be subservient to the Mastoi. Therefore men of dominant caste Mastoi had the decision making power and resolved that to appease the honour of their caste; she must be raped in revenge for what they claimed was the rape of one of their women by Shakur. This shows that today there are societies that are based on the unfair system of caste and the justice is given on the decision made by the people of dominant caste. This also proves that the castes that are dominant have the right to speak and to even make wrong decision over the people of low caste. In reality it was a made up attempt to hide the fact that it was her brother who had been raped by men from the Mastoi caste. I think the guilt felt by the Mastoi for raping the boy lead them to exert their caste power on the weak caste and thought she is uneducated and poor, hence she will not able to take an action against them. Furthermore I believe they were over confident and they supposed if Mukhtar was raped she will also commit suicide as this is the custom. Often women were blamed even when they were the victims of rape but her sense of outrage and injustice made her refuse to commit suicide. I believe her story is not a victim’s story; it’s the tale of a survivor, and a fighter. I believe that the injustice she felt inside is a universal feeling of injustice, humans from all levels of civilization have natural sense of common morals and so she knew this is not right in any country or culture. I believe that in most of the third world countries often women are prohibited to do the same things as men since men are dominant. I think social awakening has to be brought up by the educated people themselves. The politicians should spend time to educate people. It is not civilized to ostricise a rape victim. I believe that on going efforts in social education would reduce the crimes committed against women in the third world countries. How to cite Give Examples of social injustice, Papers

Does a Mission Statement Define Your Business free essay sample

Mission Statement Define Your Business? There are approximately 18. 5 million companies in North America , with 83% of companies using a mission statement But according to Chris K. Bart, a professor of strategy and governance at Master university, he estimates that only 10% of mission statements say something meaningful . Does this mean that there are only approximately 185,000 companies In North America that are competitive, forward hinging with strong corporate cultures while the rest are wandering aimlessly through the economic landscape?Peter Trucker stated that A business Is not defined by the companys name, statutes, or articles of incorporation. It is defined by the want the customer satisfies when he buys a product or service. To satisfy the customer is the mission and purpose of every business. The question What Is our business? can, therefore, be answered only by looking at the business from the outside, from the point of view of customer ND market. We will write a custom essay sample on Does a Mission Statement Define Your Business? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Peter states that a business is defined by what it provides for a customers satisfaction.There are two aspects that are important to every company when defining who they are: what they provide customers and their internal corporate culture. Is a company defined by its mission statement? ONION There are two aspects to defining how your company is perceived. There are internal customers, employees, and external customers, consumers, who look to your company for satisfaction on raying levels. The external customers look for the goods and services provided, quality, and price. Their satisfaction is met when they receive what they want. The mission statement has no bearing on them achieving this satisfaction. The Internal customers have economic and, sometimes more importantly, psychological needs that must be met for a company to reach its full potential. Is this created by the Nilsson statement? Mission Statements have been the buzzword of the asss. A Mission Statement was led by some as the Holy Grail to what direction the company should go and what its guiding principles should be.The mission statement isnt the defining factor for your corporate culture, your corporate culture is the defining factor of your mission statement. If the mission statement doesnt define a company. Can It still be useful? Definitely; it is a summary of the core values that are considered to make the company unique among its competitors. It also offers employees a set of principles that they can use In decision making. Robber resolution and strategic planning.The breakdown occurs when the actions of the company contradict the mission statement. If this happens repeatedly, employees will lose faith in the leadership toy 2 that has no specific goal or guidance. It becomes a bad thing when a mission statement devolves into platitudinous pabulum that employees clearly recognize as hypocrisy. To avoid these pitfalls after the creation of the mission statement, management must foster the culture along with the mission statement in a consistent manner.

La Belle Dame sans Merci and The Eve of St Agnes Essay Example

La Belle Dame sans Merci and The Eve of St Agnes Paper The poet John Keats, inspired by the sentimental nature of his unrequited love for Fanny and the depression he felt due to the death of his mother and his brother, wrote both ballads using the key theme of time, to engage the listener. The use of tenses links succinctly in with Keats use of time. The change of tenses throughout La Belle Dame, whereby the first three verses are set in the present tense, no birds sing, verses four to eleven are set in the past, I met a lady and verse twelve is again set in the present, no birds sing. The effect of this as well as the first and last verse including, Alone and palely loitering, is to create a circular chronological structure. This represents a question asked and answered within the poem and a feeling of entrapment within a cycle of death and love (key themes featuring in Keats poetry, and contextually in his life). Moreover, the lack of future tense suggests to the listener that there is to be no future and hence no hope adding to the melancholy mood produced by Keats. Conversely, Keats uses a linear chronology in the past tense throughout The Eve of St Agnes, How changed, in order to construct an ordered narrative. This separates the feel of both poems, distinguishing one (Eve of St Agnes) as more story-like than the symbolic other (La Belle Dame). This also infers to the listener that Keats use of time was a deliberate endeavour within his poetry and not simply the standard arrangement of poetic literature of the time. We will write a custom essay sample on La Belle Dame sans Merci and The Eve of St Agnes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on La Belle Dame sans Merci and The Eve of St Agnes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on La Belle Dame sans Merci and The Eve of St Agnes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The use of seasons and the weather conditions in La Belle Dame create the ambiance and atmosphere of the poem. As the squirrels granary is full dictating that the harvests done and that the agricultural labouring and gathering of the summer growth is complete, this implies the beginning of autumn, leading on to winter, cold hills side, and the cold, desolation of the surroundings that is associated with it. This use of pathetic fallacy warns the listener for what is to come later in the poem, adding to the sense of intrigue and mystery. However, whilst he is with her, summer is inferred via the use of sensual floral references, garland for her head (touch), fragrant zone (smell), suggesting the warmth and intimacy of his feelings for her. This atmospheric separation between the seasons intensifies the loneliness and suffering of the knight after his meeting with her, alone and palely loitering. The Eve of St Agnes also uses a wintry setting, bitter chill, trembling [ frozen grass, frosted breath, yet this is used to conjure the symbolism of God and Madelines familys disapproval of their courtship. This creates the impression of a higher power perhaps scrutinising Porphyro and Madelines doings; Porphyros inner thoughts, fears and paranoia. Similarly, Keats use of the Moon represents the urgency of Porphyros passion, particularly as the moon is commonly associated with its lunar calendar, in which he has to capture Madeline before his opportunity is lost, Ive mickle time to grieve, an expression of his determination. Both poems create a medieval scene, La Belle Dame; knight-at-arms, pale warriors, faerys child, pacing steed, Eve of St Agnes; lofty plume (reference to a knights helmet), witchs sieve, liege-lord, Elves and Fays, wolves and bears, Merlin, Dame, maiden, queens and kings, mermaid, Beadsman, via a plague of fairy tale characters, having the effect of setting up both poems for an atmosphere of a differing time period to that in which Keats wrote the poems. This creates a historical parallel between the world Keats imagined within the medieval Romeo and Juliet-esque time period and his own affairs and thoughts of Fanny. In addition to this, the use of archaic language such as, La Belle Dame; steed, woebegone and Eve of St Agnes; thy, thee, Quoth, help create the practicality and realism within these imaginary characters and historical scenarios. Unlike the more untouched setting of La Belle Dame, the sedge has withered from the lake, Castle imagery is extensively used in The Eve of St Agnes; arched way, dusky gallery, chamber, balustrade, citadel, carved angels, level chambers, portraying the scene within the listeners minds eye. In addition, The Eve of St Agnes is written in Spenserian stanzas, adding to the medieval feel of the poem (Spenser invented the term Spenserian stanza to be used within his epic, medieval poem, The Faerie Queen). The use of an irregular rhyme scheme in The Eve of St Agnes- Iambic pentameter except for last line which is iambic hexameter suggests an ongoing narrative throughout as well as displaying the infrequency of the pagan Eve of St Agnes feast (whereby virgins may see their future husbands). Also, syndetic listing is included within the caesura, and sleep, and dream creating a rhythm comparable to that of a heart beat, in order to show how Porphyros fear creates a slow motion of time and an increased physical and sexual awareness, as he prepares to witness Madeline. La Belle Dame involves a similar rhyme scheme iambic tetrameter except for the last line of each stanza that are of varying length this variation of length represents the abrupt change in the relationship/ knights life, as the listener, lulled into a security within the regularity, is subconsciously disturbed by a change in rhyme in verse nine. Overall, the use of time in both poems aids the in-depth view into Keats life and emotional workings. Ultimately, it is his use of archaisms that create the setting, yet it is his use of tenses, seasons, rhythm and rhyme scheme that imply the subtleties of The Eve of St Agnes and La Belle Dame sans Merci.

Element Symbols List - Chemical Element Abbreviations

Element Symbols List - Chemical Element Abbreviations Its easier to navigate the periodic table and write chemical equations and formulae once you know the symbols for the elements. However, sometimes its easy to confuse symbols of elements with similar names. Other elements have symbols that dont seem to relate to their names at all! For these elements, the symbol usually refers to an older element name that isnt used anymore. History of the Abbreviations In fact, there are eleven of the abbreviations for the elements which dont seem to match the modern name. Those are subtle reminders of the history of the Periodic Table and the process of the discovery of elements over the millennia. Eight of these oddities are Au (gold), Ag (silver), Cu (copper), FE (iron), SN (tin), Pb (lead), Sb (antimony), and Hg (mercury): All were among the elements recognized by the ancient Greeks and Romans, and the abbreviations for those are based on a Latin or Greek term for the element.   Potassium was identified during the Middle Ages, and its K is for kalium, a medieval Latin term for potash. W stands for tungsten because it was first identified in 1780 within the mineral known as wolframite, by French scientist Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794). And finally, sodium gets an Na because it was first isolated by the English chemist Humphry Davy (1778–1829) in 1807 and he was referring to natron, an Arabic word for the salt used by the Egyptians to mummify people. Element Symbols and Names Below is an alphabetical list of element symbols with the corresponding element name. Keep in mind that the names for the elements (and their symbols) may be different in languages other than English. Ac Actinium Ag Silver (argentum in Latin) Al Aluminum Am Americium Ar Argon As Arsenic At Astatine Au Gold (aurum in Latin) B Boron Ba Barium Be Beryllium Bh Bohrium Bi Bismuth Bk Berkelium Br Bromine C Carbon Ca Calcium Cd Cadmium Ce Cerium Cf Californium Cl Chlorine Cm Curium Cn Copernicium Co Cobalt Cr Chromium Cs Cesium Cu Copper (cuprum  in Latin) Db Dubnium Ds Darmstadtium Dy Dysprosium Er Erbium Es Einsteinium Eu Europium F Fluorine Fe Iron (ferrum in Latin) Fl Flerovium Fm Fermium Fr Francium Ga Gallium Gd Gadolinium Ge Germanium H Hydrogen He Helium Hf Hafnium Hg Mercury (hydrargyrum in Greek) Ho Holmium Hs Hassium I Iodine In Indium Ir Iridium K Potassium (kalium in Medieval Latin) Kr Krypton La Lanthanum Li Lithium Lr Lawrencium Lu Lutetium Lv Livermorium Mc Moscovium Md Mendelevium Mg Magnesium Mn Manganese Mo Molybdenum Mt Meitnerium N Nitrogen Na Sodium (natrium in Latin, and natron in Arabic) Nb Niobium Nd Neodymium Ne Neon Nh Nihonium Ni Nickel No Nobelium Np Neptunium O Oxygen Og Oganesson Os Osmium P Phosphorus Pa Protactinium Pb Lead (plumbum in Latin) Pd Palladium Pm Promethium Po Polonium Pr Praseodymium Pt Platinum Pu Plutonium Ra Radium Rb Rubidium Re Rhenium Rf Rutherfordium Rg Roentgenium Rh Rhodium Rn Radon Ru Ruthenium S Sulfur Sb Antimony (stibium in Latin) Sc Scandium Se Selenium Sg Seaborgium Si Silicon Sm Samarium Sn Tin Sr Strontium Ta Tantalum Tb Terbium Tc Technetium Te Tellurium Th Thorium Ti Titanium Tl Thallium Tm Thulium Ts Tennnessine U Uranium V Vanadium W Tungsten (wolframite) Xe Xenon Y Yttrium Yb Ytterbium Zn Zinc Zr Zirconium Sources Rouvray, Dennis H. Elements in the History of the Periodic Table. Endeavour 28.2 (2004): 69-74. Print.Scerri, Eric R. The Evolution of the Periodic System. Scientific American 279.3 (1998): 78–83.  -. The Periodic Table: Its Story and Significance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.Yeston, Jake, Nirja Desai, and Elbert Wang. Setting the Table: A Brief Visual History of the Periodic Table. Science, 31 January 2019.

Famous Office Space Quotes

Famous Office Space Quotes If you are looking for funny quotations about work or quotes from the movie Office Space, here is a page you will enjoy. These quotes are about working in an office. And they are hilarious! Peter Gibbons: What if were still doin this when were 50?Samir: It would be nice to have that kind of job security.Bob Slydell: What would you say ya do here?Tom Smykowski: Well look, I already told you! I deal with the goddamn customers so the engineers dont have to! I have people skills! I am good at dealing with people! Cant you understand that? What the hell is wrong with you people?Peter Gibbons: Our high school guidance counselor used to ask us what youd do if you had a million dollars and you didnt have to work. And invariably what youd say was supposed to be your career. So, if you wanted to fix old cars youre supposed to be an auto mechanic. Samir: So what did you say?Peter Gibbons: I never had an answer. I guess thats why Im working at Initech.Peter Gibbons: Hes going to ask me to work on Sunday and Im going to do it because Im a pussy, which is why I work at Initech in the first place.Michael Bolton: Hey, I work at Initech and I dont consider myself a pussy.Samir: Yes, I a m also not a pussy. Samir: No one in this country can ever pronounce my name right. Its not that hard: Na-ee-ana-jaad. Nayanajaad.Michael Bolton: Yeah, well at least your name isnt Michael Bolton.Samir: You know theres nothing wrong with that name.Michael Bolton: There was nothing wrong with it... until that no-talent ass clown became famous and started winning Grammys.Samir: Hmm... well why dont you just go by Mike instead of Michael?Michael Bolton: No way! Why should I change? Hes the one who sucks.

House of sand and fog Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

House of sand and fog - Movie Review Example As a consequence she tries to do what she can to get the house back including starting a relationship with a local police officer (Lester). The novel goes on to explain the background about the officer how he had an emotional upbringing and one of the reasons why he is reluctant towards the woman. The Iranian after marrying his daughter off, remember he is in the USA, spends the rest of his saved money which includes his sons future education funds into the house which he considers a good investment. His intention's is to eventually make a house like the villa he had in Iran. He thinks like the average Muslim man struggling to make a better future for his family. The woman whose house it was tries to plea with him but resorts to threatening him that he will be deported if he doesn't give her the house, the police officer aids her. The film finish's differently to the novel as the son (Esmail) who has an opportunity to shoot the police officer dies in a shootout by authorities as he is taken by the officer. And as a consequence his father the Colonel poison's his wife and then commits suicide. As the Colonel has rescued the woman twice from committing suicide when she walks in to see him in a plastic bag she tries to resuscitate him. But is too late; There is a mystery as to w hether she is arrested in her part of the events leading up to his death and family breakdown of the family in the novel. In the film When the Colonel finds out about the death of his son, he returns to the house to find the woman waiting there and then strangles her to death. He then suffocates himself and his wife. The woman and the police officer await trial after being imprisoned. The woman mimes a request for a fag as she is in a state after seeing the Colonel. Culture: The daughter's marriage in all cultures amongst the different sects in Islam re very important. They have to be done in a quality way so that the in laws accept the bride just as much as the husband does. It is the most important responsibility for a father. After this the next important thing is education. And for men in Islam education is of high importance. A father would correctly first support his daughter's needs to secure her future and then the son, just as has been shown and written about in the film. The Father did everything possible to achieve the dream he wanted for his family. Regardless of him being a political refugee from Iran he managed to do what any Muslim man would do for his family. It is a cultural fact. In comparison to the woman who was living in a house brought to her by her father and who became in a similar situation as if exiled from the house due to not paying taxes, her approach of revenge was more based on emotion and fear rather then practical and le gal. As the film does not reveal the history of the officer the fact is it is perceived as a racist American man who misuses the law. Film portrayal: If we look at the situation of the Iranian man who was working, had a family had money, he was in a stable situation and wanted to progress and he was within law Islamically and Country law to purchase the house. The woman was wronged by the law of the country for failing her by wrongly accusing her of not paying taxes and causing her to use the means she could to

The Impact of Video Games on Children or is video games have impact on Essay

The Impact of Video Games on Children or is video games have impact on children - Essay Example For example, a national conversation ensued regarding what relationship video games had to the Columbine High School massacre in 1999 when two students massacred 13 and wounded 23 before committing suicide. Though many motivations were probably involved, it is not practically feasible to identify exactly what provoked these teenagers to gun down their schoolmates and teachers but violent video games were and continue to be mentioned as a contributing factor. These two students had frequently played Doom, a bloody and brutal firearms game which is used by the U.S. military to instruct the armed forces how to kill with more effectiveness. To what extent this particular video game influenced the actions of these two high school students has been debated since this tragic incident. The entertainment medium, it is generally accepted, is an enormously influential dynamic in everyone’s lives. â€Å"What behaviors children and adults consider appropriate comes, in part, from the less ons we learn from television and the movies† (Huesmann & Miller, 1994). It is logical to expect video games, especially those that depict violence, will have similar and perhaps a more extensive effect on violent behavior. Currently, few studies exist which have comprehensively examines the connection between violent video games and violent actions by children. As video games are increasingly becoming more explicit and brutal as well as more widespread, additional research is needed concerning the effects on the easily influenced minds of the children who play them and a clearer explanation to parents of the risks associated with these violent games. Not everyone agrees that video games lead to violent behavior. For example, according to James Potter, the Bugs Bunny and Roadrunner shows alone exhibited more instances of explicit violence than kid’s witness today during an afternoon of playing video games. Watching violent acts, particularly those in

Corruption Essay Example for Free

Corruption Essay Introduction: If two or more persons meet together and start talking about the present society of India, they soon come to the conclusion that every system, every institution of India is infested with corruption. Corruption has become so common in public life that people are now averse to thinking of public life without this phenomenon. Meaning: But what does Corruption actually mean? Corruption means perversion of morality, integrity, character of duty out of mercenary motives (e.g. bribery) without regard to honour, right or justice. In public life, a corrupt person is one who bestows undue favor on someone with whom; he has monetary or other interests (e.g. nepotism). Simultaneously, those who genuinely deserve those things as their right remain deprived. Not a new phenomenon: Corruption in public life is not a modern phenomenon. It was prevalent in the political and civic life of even Maura period as has been discussed by Chanakya in the Arthassastra. (Give other examples)†¦ But it is only recently that Corruption has become remnant in our public life. People no longer protest against corrupt practices, fight injustice or express any shock when big scandals are exposed. Also corruption is not uniquely Indian phenomenon; it is witnessed all over the world (USA, Japan, Italy, etc.) Forms of corruption in India: Explain bribery, nepotism, theft and wastage of public property, dereliction of duty†¦ etc. Extent of corruption: Start with a hospital where a child is born and move further on to education – system, career opportunities, political system, judiciary, law and order, other day – to – day activities†¦ till post – modern report and crematorium. Results of corruption: Individual sufferings, people lose faith in the existing system, prevalence of chaos and ‘anarchy, society disintegrates, country becomes weak, foreign invasion may occur†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Causes of corruption: It is a vicious circle. Start with those politicians, who run the state, come down to higher officials†¦ then to the lowest rung of bureaucratic hierarchy. Lastly, come to the general people’. Who elect the† corrupt people as their representatives’ and expect special favors from them.

Essay --

After studying the sonnet of Shakespeare, I think if the emotion between two men is only called male friendship, Shakespeare‟s sonnets assert too much love to be addressed to a man. It seems ridiculous that Shakespeare, a moral man addressed abundant affectionate sonnets to men. His poems use language of love: â€Å"lord of love†, â€Å"eternal love†, â€Å"my lovely boy†, â€Å"my friend and I are one†, â€Å"thou mine, I thine†. Those languages sometimes can be regarded as non-sexual friendship, in Shakespeare‟s work; they are certainly the language of sexual love. Many of the sonnets are saturated in the language of longing and desire; they showed some sorrow about the lacking of the male friend‟s â€Å"sweet love†. There are many explicit and implicit clues in the sonnets that show the male love in Shakespeare‟s heart. Next I want to turn to the plays, the male love are even more distinctly open to interpretation than sonnets. And some interesting things I found that is if the plays are open to gay readings then those readings will have their own kind of rationality. Some male characters in Shakespeare openly betray idealized intensity of affection for other men comparable to that expressed by the persona of the sonnets. One is Antonio, a comparatively minor character in Twelfth Night. It is easy to portray him as an older man enamored of a younger Sebastian who only partly under the nature of Antonio‟s affection, and such a description successful build a kind of sad atmosphere which saturate the pain of unreturned love. The male love brought out far more clearly not at the end of the play but in Antonio‟s first appearance. He and Sebastian appeared on a bed in which they had clearly just slept together. Indeed, Stephen Orgel has described Antonio ... ...ul is that maybe even Shakespeare can not answer the question that whether Bassanio, sometimes when a story is created, the emotions of characters do not all under controlled by the writers. In other irresponsible words, only Bassanio can answer the questions for us but maybe he does not want to say anything. Before talking about Shakespeare‟s racism of shylock, we can firstly focus on some background information. Shakespeare‟s plays showed his awareness of the ineradicable enmity between Christian generosity and the Jewish fixation on money. According to Stanley Wells, Shakespeare may be actually a German. How ever, not matter Shakespeare is belongs to which country. Nazi Germany should congratulate that Shakespeare can stands for them to show the understand of the racial psychology The merchant of Venice is a anti-semitic story which obviously appealed to the

Fahrenheit 451 and Brave New World Essay

Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury is a futuristic view of a society and its people’s roles. This prophetic novel, first written and published in the early 1950s, is set in a future where books, and the ideas they represent and manifest, are burned to prevent disruptions in society. Furthermore, TV is everyone’s drug of choice, and independent thinking is basically illegal. Its central character, Guy Montag, is a fireman responsible to that society for ensuring those burnings takes place, but an unexpected chain of events leads him to question both himself and the society in which he lives. Bradbury employs the extravagance of life today. In addition to the advancement in technology and numerous occupations, in order to show how life would become if the future drastically turns for the worse. In future world of Bradbury there are ironic reversals of roles for people and things that one would have once taken comfort in, such as the role of the fireman, or the nature of a do g. Aldous Huxley also uses a similar concept, a society that is out of control, in his book Brave New World, which deals with a man living in a changed society. Brave New World by Aldous Huxley Published in 1932, is a futuristic society in which the individual is sacrificed for the state, science is used to control and subjugate, and all forms of art and history are outlawed. In short, the book fits into the classic mold of â€Å"dystopian† literature. Huxley expects his readers to consider the role of science and literature of the future world. Unlike Fahrenheit 451, Brave New World includes a group of people unaffected by the alterations in society, a group that holds religious beliefs and marriage, to compare and contrast today’s lifestyle to the proposed lifestyle of the future. One theme that both Brave New World and Fahrenheit 451 share is of individual discovery by rejecting a passive approach to life and dystopian society. In Brave New World the main characters the â€Å"Savage† John and Bernard Marx eventually realize the errors within their own culture. Guy Montag, the protagonist in Fahrenheit 451, starts to realize that society could be better, but due to some events that are out of controlled by advanced technologies, little value placed on the importance of relationships between people and the ban of reading books. Montag is forced out on his own, missing from society, to live his life with others like h imself who have similar beliefs toward  society. Marx, from a civilized culture, questions why his society lacks history. He wonders why his society lacks books and why they were banned just because they are old and supposedly is not an encouragement to the new culture. By visited a reservation, a home of an â€Å"uncivilized† culture for savages, Marx is able to view first-hand information of how life and society use to be. Later he tries to combine some of what he saw into his work as an advertising agent. From this contrast with the other culture, Marx realizes more about himself as well. His view of things that confused him became more understanding. In â€Å"Brave New World† the citizens who are lucky enough to be in a higher class enjoy a variety of pleasures from a drug called Soma to sex with multiple partners. What is unique about the society in â€Å"Brave New World† is that the conflict cannot be discerned unless one digs deeper into the inner workings of the society. When that is accomplished one realizes that the society is built on the extreme views, such as abolishment of religion, that are only theoretical in our time but are practical in the novel. One of the most notable aspects of the novel is its use of scien tific concepts. The society in the novel has become so reliant on science and technology that they have replaced the biological process of child birth with a more mechanized assembly line type of system. John, often referred to as â€Å"the Savage† because he was able to leave the reservation with Marx to go to London, also has a hard time adjusting to the drastic changes. The son of two members of the modern society was born and raised on the reservation but, he learned from his mother the values and the customs of the â€Å"civilized† world while living in a unique culture. These concepts, human reaction to changes in their culture and questioning of these changes, are plain throughout the book. Huxley’s characters either conform to society’s demands for uniformity or rebel or begin a process of discovery; there are no people in the middle. Huxley makes his own views of man and society evident. He shows that those who conform to the â€Å"new world† become less human, but those who actively question the new values of society realize the truth about society and people in general. An example of this is Huxley’s views of drugs as an escape. The conforming members of society used widely a drug called soma, which induces hallucinations and escapes from the conscious world for two to eight hour periods. Those very few who did not, John included, did not because they thought the drug either unclean or an  easy escape, one not needed in a society aiming at making life very simple. By refusing to follow in this escape from reality, John is ultimately able to break from society and define his own destiny. Alike Brave New World, Fahrenheit 451 shares a similar theme of a character lost in his society. As Montag live his life he begins to realize things that he didn’t know existed and later is able to see through the government and the official policies of his society. He does so by gradually beginning to question aspect of society, which most people simply accept as fact. Montag’s job as a fireman serves as a setting to show how people passively accept the absurdity of their society. Instead of rushing to put out fires, as firemen do today, Montag rushes to start fires, burning the books and homes of people reported to have books. This was considered by most people to be a respectable profession. But on different occasions Montag took a book out of burning homes and want from time to time to read them. From this, he begins to question the values of his society. Fahrenheit 451 also relates to Brave New World with the concept when characters escape from reality through the use of soma, Montag’s wife, and many other characters, escape through watching a sophisticated form of television. This television system covers three of the walls of the Montag’s TV has a control unit that allows the watchers to interact with the characters on the program. Another unit inserts Mrs. Montag’s name into specific places, thus creating the image they the characters are actually conversing with her. Montag’s wife, having only a few friends that she rarely sees, spends much of her day in this room, watching a program called â€Å"The Family.† This program was a government sponsored program that showed the viewers what life at home should be like. Furthermore in Fahrenheit 451, the problem that Montag’s wife takes the program as a substitute for reality. She is al most addicted to the program, much as people were with soma in Brave New World. Bradbury uses this television and its programs as a way of showing the escape he is worried people will look for in the future. Without actively questioning society’s values, he is concerned that people will look for ways to idly spend their time. But like Marx, Montag chooses not to take part in this addiction. By refraining, he can see the affects it’s use has on the people around him, much as Marx and more importantly John the Savage saw in their culture. While sharing many similarities thus the have many differences. For  instance, Montag’s society is used to constantly being at war. Even though the wars last only a day or less, they serve as an element of control for the ruling group and as another technological display. In contrast, Brave New World’s society features â€Å"peace.† The inhabitants have been conditioned to think that mindless pleasure seeking and stability are key to happiness. They view the controllers as taking care of them and preventing â€Å"unpleasantness† such as war. In true Bradbury fashion, Fahrenheit 451 warns more against the dangers of an overdependence on technology than it does against overreaching governments. Brave New World does feature technology bein g used to control, but Huxley seems to be more concerned with illuminating how ruling parties obtain and keep power through a variety of methods. While the endings of both novels mirror the conclusions of other dystopian works, they are quite different from one another. Fahrenheit 451 concludes with reserved optimism. Montag has managed to escape Captain Beatty and the hound and even the destruction of the city and begins his life with the likeminded â€Å"Book People.† In Brave New World, John cannot live within the confines of his society and commits suicide. Both authors try to show that with life made easier by strong government control and a lack of personal involvement people will no longer spend their time thinking, questioning or developing their own ideas. Through these various diversions from normal behavior in society, Marx, John the Savage and Guy Montag are able to see the truths behind the societies they live in and are able to learn about themselves. And though their discoveries meant that their lives would be changed forever, the authors succeeded in showing that the key to humanity lies in thinking and questioning. These men found themselves through their own discoveries, much as Bradbury and Huxley hope others will do.

Drama Exploration Essay

During this task, we got into groups of four or five. Each of the four groups was given an Act from the play to create a statue of Proctor at contrasting moments. Proctor’s emotions varied; each statue had a very different objective, e. g. to intimidate, to plead, etc. My group, looked for lines to base our statues on in Act One. Through my statue of Proctor- I had a straight back, my arms + hands were pointed forward and I had a frown, based on the line,† be you deaf†¦ â€Å", I discovered a few things about Proctor. Because the moment I chose was one that I preformed in an angry tone, I choose an angry line: â€Å"I’ll show you a great doin’ on you arse†¦ † This line is preformed in mockery and is almost playful but, stern. I realized that Proctor is the only character so far to whom we can relate. He has a sense of humor and seems like the only character that is not constantly serious. Proctor is calm and we can visualize his entrance and aura. The fact that he has a sense of humor makes us, as the audience, like him. Group Two looked at Act Two. There were many contrasting moments. The statues that I remember did not focus on the relationship between Elizabeth and Proctor, to the extent that I would have liked. The statue that did a small investigation on how Proctor is feeling was Justin’s: Sitting on a chair, hands interlocked with a soft face and an arched back as if talking softly to someone (Elizabeth). He said his line â€Å"I mean to please you† sincerely and softly. Because of Justin’s performance, I realized that Proctor and Elizabeth are still uneasy because of the affair. Furthermore, Elizabeth is being very difficult and Proctor is trying very hard to try and get the relationship back together. Another line which comes to mind is â€Å"an everlasting funeral marches around your heart. † This is when Proctor loses his temper; Proctor has tried really hard and is lashing out because of what Elizabeth said to him. The important thing that I realized: Proctor did commit adultery but, there is a substantial possibility that it was not entirely his fault. If Elizabeth is acting this way at this point â€Å"un-cooperative and stubborn† there is a substantial possibility that she had the qualities before the affair, refining my point. Group Three looked at Act Three. During this scene that is entirely located in the courthouse, various things happen. Proctor entered the courthouse very calm: Andres portrays Proctor holding himself very high, his head is thrown back and he has his chest out, revealing the new information to the court: â€Å"She never saw no sprits sir† The tone is almost pleading; Proctor is really respectful to the Judge and he understands that he needs to keep his temper cool. I believe that Group Three covered the main moments. They chose the line where Proctor looses his temper and finally cracks- Proctor calls Abigail a- â€Å"whore†- and reveals that he has had an affair. The important thing that I realized is: Proctor has admitted his sin to the Puritan society. Proctor knows by revealing the information about his affair with Abigail he has ruined his name in Salem. The reason why Proctor has revealed the information is important: he really loves his wife Elizabeth and he would sacrifice everything for her. Proctor’s plan backfires; Elizabeth tells a lie. Group Three choose that moment: â€Å"God is dead† I realized that it’s not because Proctor does not believe in God. I realized and was reminded that Proctor says that because he believes that the events would not happen if God were looking after them: young girls should not be able to manipulate a court of grown men. Group Four looked at Act 4. At this point Proctor is broken. Proctor is shown having his life taken away; he still has his dignity. Proctor is reduced to almost nothing: he is kneeling, Proctor wanted his life. Proctor chooses to reveal he was working with the devil, because he wants to live with Elizabeth. Because of what Danforth wants from him Proctor lost his temper- Proctor is asked to sign his name to his statements. When Danforth asks him for his signature, at this point, Proctor has had enough and decided to be hung. The image, when Proctor stood tall and opposes Danforth, helped me understand something very important: Proctor is the hero of the play. Proctor chooses to die then make his friends die pointlessly. Proctor’s sacrifice: condemning himself to death instead of letting his friends die in vain. It would be so easy for Proctor to give up and live his life quietly in the farm. However, because of his sacrifice he has shown ultimate courage and goodwill. Proctor is the hero who we admire. Miller wants us to like Proctor. Proctor is human; he had an affair; we all have flaws. Proctor contrast, with other charters. Tituba was in a similar position but she broke and told lies. Proctor stood up for what is right. Proctor goes against the court and it costs him his life. Miller is trying to tell us something: Miller wants us to realize that heroes don’t always win. A hero is someone who stands up against adversity and does what he thinks is right. We repeated the same procedure with Abigail. However, Abigail had no lines in Act 2 and 4 so those two groups were forced to create images for Abigail. I was part of Group One. The statue that was shown had a lot of contrast. Abigail was shown as a girl that had different emotions depending on who she was talking too. Our group choose the moment where Abigail was threatened the other girls â€Å"a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. † I was the statue for that line. I closed my fist, as if mimicking the knife, and said my line cruelly with nostrils flaring. The audience had contrast between my line and Nicole’s: â€Å"give me a word John†¦ † This shows that Abigail changes her personality refining my first point. Nicole said the line trying to seduce John, her head was tilted back and her face was soft, the audience has to realize that Abigail has not given up on John even though she had been sacked. Furthermore, Abigail changes her personality according to the people around her. Group Two focused on Act Two. Abigail had no lines in Act Two, so the group had to invent some. The statue that I think conveyed the importance of Act Two was Enrique’s. Enrique was sitting on a chair clutching his stomach: rolled on the floor and groaned and said, as held up his hand, â€Å"a needle†. The audience has to understand that Abigail really wants to kill Elizabeth ruining her name so. Because Abigail did this and said, we are told by Herrick, â€Å"Goody Proctor sent her sprit on me† Elizabeth is taken to prison. Furthermore, John got direct and aggressive and decided to go with Mary Warren to confront the court. Group Three focused on Act Three. This is the scene where Proctor confronts the court trying to prove Abigail as a liar. The most important statue that I remember: Abigail in fright and her line â€Å"Why do you come yellow bird? † This acting by Abigail is very smart- she diverts all the attention away from her. Abigail is kneeling looking up with her hand in her hair, this makes her look venerable and we pity her. Proctor challenges her in front of the court revealing the affair, although not proven, to bring the tension away from her she chooses to make a scene. Through this acting the accusation of her innocence is forgotten, the attention is drawn to Mary Warren- Abigail is a smart girl and everything is planned in her mind. Group Four focused on Act Three. Similarly to Act Two, Miller only references Abigail not giving her any lines. The statue that I felt was most important: Abigail sobbing. Abigail had her head in her hands and said â€Å"no! He is dead†. Abigail still loves Proctor. Abigail did not want Proctor dead, only Elizabeth. As a child, Abigail can not comprehend with Proctor’s mentality. Abigail does not understand that Proctor really loves his wife, the affair was a mistake. Abigail can’t accept that Proctor does not love her. The audience has to realize that Abigail did those things not to be popular or for fun. I feel that Abigail honestly wanted to hurt people. In act 2 and 4 Abigail has no lines but is mentioned and events- Elizabeth being taken to prison- a result of Abigail. This shows her importance and how events are carefully planned by her. She did exactly what she wanted to do. She is a leader and has a lot of power. Abigail, through the menacing lines warning and threatening her friends get what she wants.

Overrides in VB.NET - Using VB.NET Series

Overrides in VB.NET - Using VB.NET Series This is one of a mini-series that covers the differences in Overloads, Shadows, and Overrides in VB.NET. This article covers Overrides. The articles that cover the others are here: - Overloads- Shadows These techniques can be hugely confusing; there are a lot of combinations of these keywords and the underlying inheritance options. Microsofts own documentation doesnt begin to do the topic justice and there is a lot of bad, or out of date information on the web. The best advice to be sure that your program is coded correctly is, Test, test, and test again. In this series, well look at them one at a time with emphasis on the differences. Overrides The thing that Shadows, Overloads, and Overrides all have in common is that they reuse the name of elements while changing what happens. Shadows and Overloads can operate both within the same class or when a class inherits another class. Overrides, however, can only be used in a derived class (sometimes called a child class) that inherits from a base class (sometimes called a parent class). And Overrides is the hammer; it lets you entirely replace a method (or a property) from a base class. In the article about classes and the Shadows keyword (See: Shadows in VB.NET), a function was added to show that an inherited procedure could be referenced. Public Class ProfessionalContact ... code not shown ... Public Function HashTheName( ByVal nm As String) As String Return nm.GetHashCode End Function End Class The code that instantiates a class derived from this one (CodedProfessionalContact in the example) can call this method because its inherited. In the example, I used the VB.NET GetHashCode method to keep the code simple and this returned a fairly useless result, the value -520086483. Suppose I wanted a different result returned instead but, - I cant change the base class. (Maybe all I have is compiled code from a vendor.) ... and ... - I cant change the calling code (Maybe there are a thousand copies and I cant update them.) If I can update the derived class, then I can change the result returned. (For example, the code could be part of an updatable DLL.) There is one problem. Because its so comprehensive and powerful, you have to have permission from the base class to use Overrides. But well-designed code libraries provide it. (Your code libraries are all well designed, right?) For example, the Microsoft provided function we just used is overridable. Heres an example of the syntax. Public Overridable Function GetHashCode As Integer So that keyword has to be present in our example base class as well. Public Overridable Function HashTheName( ByVal nm As String) As String Overriding the method is now as simple as providing a new one with the Overrides keyword. Visual Studio again gives you a running start by filling in the code for you with AutoComplete. When you enter ... Public Overrides Function HashTheName( Visual Studio adds the rest of the code automatically as soon as you type the opening parenthesis, including the return statement which only calls the original function from the base class. (If youre just adding something, this is usually a good thing to do after your new code executes anyway.) Public Overrides Function HashTheName( nm As String) As String Return MyBase.HashTheName(nm) End Function In this case, however, Im going to replace the method with something else equally useless just to illustrate how its done: The VB.NET function that will reverse the string. Public Overrides Function HashTheName( nm As String) As String Return Microsoft.VisualBasic.StrReverse(nm) End Function Now the calling code gets an entirely different result. (Compare with the result in the article about Shadows.) ContactID: 246 BusinessName: Villain Defeaters, GmbH Hash of the BusinessName: HbmG ,sretaefeD nialliV You can override properties too. Suppose you decided that ContactID values greater than 123 would not be allowed and should default to 111. You can just override the property and change it when the property is saved: Private _ContactID As Integer Public Overrides Property ContactID As Integer Get Return _ContactID End Get Set(ByVal value As Integer) If value 123 Then _ContactID 111 Else _ContactID value End If End Set End Property Then you get this result when a larger value is passed: ContactID: 111 BusinessName: Damsel Rescuers, LTD By the way, in the example code so far, integer values are doubled in the New subroutine (See the article on Shadows), so an integer of 123 is changed to 246 and then changed again to 111. VB.NET gives you, even more, control by allowing a base class to specifically require or deny a derived class to override using the MustOverride and NotOverridable keywords in the base class. But both of these are used in fairly specific cases. First, NotOverridable. Since the default for a public class is NotOverridable, why should you ever need to specify it? If you try it on the HashTheName function in the base class, you get a syntax error, but the text of the error message gives you a clue: NotOverridable cannot be specified for methods that do not override another method. The default for an overridden method is just the opposite: Overrideable. So if you want overriding to definitely stop there, you have to specify NotOverridable on that method. In our example code: Public NotOverridable Overrides Function HashTheName( ... Then if the class CodedProfessionalContact is, in turn, inherited ... Public Class NotOverridableEx Inherits CodedProfessionalContact ... the function HashTheName cannot be overriden in that class. An element that cannot be overridden is sometimes called a sealed element. A fundamental part of the .NET Foundation is to require that the purpose of every class is explicitly defined to remove all uncertainty. A problem in previous OOP languages has been called â€Å"the fragile base class.† This happens when a base class adds a new method with the same name as a method name in a subclass that inherits from a base class. The programmer writing the subclass didnt plan on overriding the base class, but this is exactly what happens anyway. This has been known to result in the cry of the wounded programmer, I didnt change anything, but my program crashed anyway. If there is a possibility that a class will be updated in the future and create this problem, declare it as NotOverridable. MustOverride is most often used in what is called an Abstract Class. (In C#, the same thing uses the keyword Abstract!) This is a class that just provides a template and youre expected to fill it with your own code. Microsoft provides this example of one: Public MustInherit Class WashingMachine Sub New() Code to instantiate the class goes here. End sub Public MustOverride Sub Wash Public MustOverride Sub Rinse (loadSize as Integer) Public MustOverride Function Spin (speed as Integer) as Long End Class To continue Microsofts example, washing machines will do these things (Wash, Rinse and Spin) quite differently, so theres no advantage of defining the function in the base class. But there is an advantage in making sure that any class that inherits this one does define them. The solution: an abstract class. If you need even more explanation about the differences between Overloads and Overrides, a completely different example is developed in a Quick Tip: Overloads Versus Overrides VB.NET gives you even more control by allowing a base class to specifically require or deny a derived class to override using the MustOverride and NotOverridable keywords in the base class. But both of these are used in fairly specific cases. First, NotOverridable. Since the default for a public class is NotOverridable, why should you ever need to specify it? If you try it on the HashTheName function in the base class, you get a syntax error, but the text of the error message gives you a clue: NotOverridable cannot be specified for methods that do not override another method. The default for an overridden method is just the opposite: Overrideable. So if you want overriding to definitely stop there, you have to specify NotOverridable on that method. In our example code: Public NotOverridable Overrides Function HashTheName( ... Then if the class CodedProfessionalContact is, in turn, inherited ... Public Class NotOverridableEx Inherits CodedProfessionalContact ... the function HashTheName cannot be overriden in that class. An element that cannot be overridden is sometimes called a sealed element. A fundamental part of the .NET Foundation is to require that the purpose of every class is explicitly defined to remove all uncertainty. A problem in previous OOP languages has been called â€Å"the fragile base class.† This happens when a base class adds a new method with the same name as a method name in a subclass that inherits from a base class. The programmer writing the subclass didnt plan on overriding the base class, but this is exactly what happens anyway. This has been known to result in the cry of the wounded programmer, I didnt change anything, but my program crashed anyway. If there is a possibility that a class will be updated in the future and create this problem, declare it as NotOverridable. MustOverride is most often used in what is called an Abstract Class. (In C#, the same thing uses the keyword Abstract!) This is a class that just provides a template and youre expected to fill it with your own code. Microsoft provides this example of one: Public MustInherit Class WashingMachine Sub New() Code to instantiate the class goes here. End sub Public MustOverride Sub Wash Public MustOverride Sub Rinse (loadSize as Integer) Public MustOverride Function Spin (speed as Integer) as Long End Class To continue Microsofts example, washing machines will do these things (Wash, Rinse and Spin) quite differently, so theres no advantage of defining the function in the base class. But there is an advantage in making sure that any class that inherits this one does define them. The solution: an abstract class. If you need even more explanation about the differences between Overloads and Overrides, a completely different example is developed in a Quick Tip: Overloads Versus Overrides

Amore Pacific International Business Strategy Marketing Essay

Amore Pacific International Business Strategy Marketing Essay With low-barriers to entry, the competitive business environment of the cosmetics industry requires companies to secure stable sales channels, and make great marketing efforts to differentiate its products. However, the cosmetics industry is closely related to the fashion industry which is constantly changing and offer potential growth opportunities. Consequently, cosmetic products typically have short product life-cycles because which require mass-customization capabilities and production agility. Personal Care On the other hand, personal care products business is a relatively a mature industry. Also with a low-barrier to entry, the domestic market is currently saturated with competition. In addition, the emergence of large-scale discount stores and new sales networks has called for rapidly changing marketing and distribution channels. Consequently, the domestic personal care products industry is focusing on developing niche markets by differentiating its product as offering higher quality and value. 1.2. Overview of AMOREPACIFIC AMOREPACIFIC Corporation (â€Å"AMOREPACIFIC† or â€Å"the Company†) aims to become a global beauty company with its core businesses in cosmetics and personal care and health products. Founded in 1945 as a Pacific Chemical Company, AMOREPACIFIC Corporation has been involved in beauty products. With the corporate vision of â€Å"The World will know us as the ‘Asian Beauty Creator’,† AMOREPACIFIC seeks to push the boundaries of traditional beauty with innovative solutions drawn from its rich Asian heritage.   [ 1 ]   The Company also stresses the five values: Openness, Innovation, Proximity, Sincerity, and Challenge to openly communicate with its customers and employees, pursue innovative ideas and new concepts, maintain physically and psychologically close to customers, fulfill obligations to society, and be passionate about overcoming challenges.   [ 2 ]    The Company first began its export sales via OEM and also began to sell cosmetics products under its own brand â€Å"AMORE† in 1964. In 1990, the Company turned to international markets by establishing its first overseas subsidiary in France, followed by establishing its Shanghai and Chartres plants in 2002 and 2004, respectively. In 2010, AMOREPACIFIC’s sales reached KRW 2 trillion, with operating profit of KRW 340 billion and net earnings of KRW 285 billion. The Company maintains its number one player in the domestic market with a 34.9% cosmetics market share in 2010. In terms of its overseas operations, the Company has enhanced its sales in 2010 by approximately 11% to KRW 335.8 billion.   [ 3 ]    With its strong domestic position, the Company is targeting sales and operating profit growth of 10% in 2011 by creation of growth markets. For each business segment, the Company’s Cosmetics Division is focusing on securing competitiveness in the Asian markets through reinforcement of R&D activi ties to provide differentiated products and services. For the personal care products business or â€Å"Mass Cosmetics & Sulloc Division,† the Company is intent on strengthening domestic market competency by expansion into high-functional products in major personal care categories. 2. International Business Strategy of AMOREPACIFIC’s Cosmetic Products AMOREPACIFIC aims to be a Global Top 10 cosmetics company.   [ 4 ]   While tapping on matured and developed markets such as North America and Western Europe, AMOREPACIFIC is more focusing on developing countries such as China and other Southeast Asian countries. To overcome the limitations of the market size and increasing level of competition in the domestic market and accomplish economies of scale through market expansion with its own line of competitive products, AMOREPACIFIC, utilizing its number one position in the domestic market, has been looking to develop overseas market with in its efforts to gain presence an d become a successful international player in a very competitive global cosmetics industry environment.

Marketing Term Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Marketing Term - Research Paper Example Through engaging the consumer in a dialogue that promotes community and goodwill, there was no advertising campaigns until 2004, the company depending on word of mouth to promote its interests and gain a following. That following measures more than 4 million members, worldwide (Bloomberg). The marketing that has been engaged since 2004 has seen some turmoil with the perceived competitor, Weight Watchers, being directly confronted in a campaign, but the adversary fought back with a court injunction which ended that campaign. However, it might be concluded that Curves gained better publicity as being put in a position as a threat to Weight Watchers, so much so that they were directly confronted through legal action to shut down their advertising. This is a wise strategy, however, the company may soon face the same problems that Weight Watchers faces, which is as their targeted demographic ages out and the rising younger set sees them as a dinosaur of their mother’s age, combatin g a dated image will create an issue. Weight Watchers has confronted their problems through advertising that mimics the Jenny Craig advertising, using celebrities to promote their success through publicly visible weight loss on their programs. However, where Jenny Craig has used a middle aged set of celebrities, Weight Watchers used Jennifer Hudson to kick off their campaign, a decidedly younger star. This leaves curves facing the same problems as Weight Watchers in that through promoting a socialized setting, the age group becomes relevant to the attraction to the program. The following assessment will discuss the current and past methods of marketing that have been introduced for Curves. The background of the company will be given an overview in order to provide context in understanding the nature of the current standing of the company. An analysis of the marketing strategies and their results will be assessed for the successes and failures that have been experienced. A SWOT analy sis will then be conducted in order to provide an overview of the nature of the company in regard to how it will impact a marketing plan. The SWOT analysis will be addressed for the ways in which it can be utilized to address the future of the company. Finally, a summary of the marketing direction of Curves will be made with recommendations for addressing weaknesses and threats through exploiting the strengths and opportunities that are present. Background Curves International Fitness for Women has franchises in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Europe, Australia and Asia. The company has well over 6000 stores, with the rate of their expansion earning them a title in the Guinness Book of World Records (Heavin and Colman 2). The first store was opened in Harlingen, Texas, with the first franchise opening Paris, Texas in 1995 with all stores now being a franchised venue (Curves International Fitness for Women). The company was opened in 1992, and by 2003 had expanded to the 6000 stor e mark, placing them in the record book. Hoovers lists more than 10,000 company stores are in existence to date. Gary and Diane Heavin opened the stores with a specific demographic in mind. Gary Heavin had ten years of experience in the fitness industry before designing this model with a specific target demographic (Funding Universe). The intention was to address the needs of women through nutrition and efficient exercise that kept the sessions short, thus providing an easy

Compairing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compairing - Essay Example Let’s have a review of Ford Fiesta, a small car whose recommended price in Great Britain Pound (GBP) including taxes was 14,102 while excluding taxes it was 12,001. Prices shown herein are based on recommended retail price adjusted for equipment difference effective on Jan 1, 2010. Ford Focus, a Medium segment car, carried a recommended price including taxes, which was 20,247 while excluding taxes it was 17,231. Ford Mondeo’s recommended price inclusive of taxes was 24,309 while excluding taxes it was 20,688 GBP (European Commission, 2010). These car prices have been provided by the car manufacturers themselves through their associations (ACEA) and (JAMA). It should be noted that actual car prices may not be the same as recommended prices, as it depends on dealers to offer reduced prices and extra monetary benefits to their customers seeing the market trends (European Commission, 2010). Considering the Eurostat figures indicating reduced effect of inflation on car market in comparison to other products, the year-on-year change in actual car prices from January 2009 to January 2010 for the United Kingdom in % was 11.2 in nominal car price and 7.7 in actual car price (European Commission, 2010). In Small segment area A & B, Ford Fiesta has been one of the best selling cars whose prices for the three consecutive years from 2008 to 2010 are given below in percentages of prices in euro before taxes (European Commission, 2010). Incidentally, it would be interesting to compare in small segment the price behavior of Ford Fiesta with other cars like Peugeot 206/207, Renault Clio, Fiat Grande Punto/Punto and VW Polo. In 1/01/2008, Peugeot 206/207 price difference was 32.6%, which showed only a little increase of 32.7% in 1/01/2009 while in the next year i.e. 1/01/2010, Peugeot price difference was 39.7%. As we note down from the table 1, coming down from Peugeot, to Renault Clio, to Fiat Grande Punto to VW Polo to Ford Fiesta, all

Approaches of Organizations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Approaches of Organizations - Research Paper Example The idea of invisible hand dictates that if all the individuals of the society would go on to pursue their own self-interests then not only they would achieve their own goals and objectives but at the same time, they will also satisfy the societal needs and expectations (Dyck & Neubert, 2008). Even if the company and its managers appear to be focusing on other variables such as environmental preservation, employee development, stakeholder management and others, that is only because they want to achieve the financial result which is the bottom line of the company. Much of the productivity and development that we witness today is actually a result of mainstream approach, which ruled the management and industrial scene for decades. On the other hand, multistream management refers to the approach, which calls for taking the holistic view of well being of multiple stakeholders associated with the operations of the business. Managers using the multistream management approach are more likel y to focus on practical wisdom, experimentation, workplace democracy, self-control, dignification, ethical conduct, and others. The company and its managers realize that they are operating in a wider other, where the extended society and its members are also the stakeholders of the company. Financial numbers and quarterly results become a secondary concern for the company and its managers and the prime focus become managing and balancing the company’s expectations with the well being and requirements of all stakeholders.

360 Degree Feedback In Developing Leadership Skills Management Essay

360 Degree Feedback In Developing Leadership Skills Management Essay There is a great deal of controversy about the relevancy of using 360-degree feedback as a tool to develop leadership skills. Some view 360-degree feedback as a collaborative tool, a tool offering a more balanced circle of feedback based on the assessments of superiors, peers, and subordinates. These views lead me to wonder, how effective can this tool be if it does not factor in leadership styles and the potential for bias based on popularity? Will personality and popularity play a role in the assessment? Though extreme, there is some merit to my position. This realization guided me to my decision that 360-degree feedback is an effective tool to provide self assessment and can also be used to enhance performance measures during annual counseling such as leadership, communication, and mission effectiveness. Background The underlying theory of 360-degree feedback asserts that an assessment received from multiple sources provides unique and meaningful information to the recipient. Rapid growth of its use was fueled by the need to adapt to a changing human resources management environment and by numerous studies that supported the effectiveness of multi-source ratings in post-feedback management development. A significant complaint of the traditional performance appraisal system voiced by services is that feedback is generally one-sided and can lack objectivity. In the 1940s, the Army implemented a tool called the multi-rater system, also known as the multisource assessment process.  [1]  The multi-rater system allows a persons evaluation to encompass reviews from not only a rater, but also a persons subordinates, peers, clients, and organizational hierarchy. This allows a reviewer to get a more complete picture of a person and removes a singular rater from being able to determine the fate of a career. If an officers boss dislikes a subordinate, but he gets top marks from everyone else, it puts the bosss review in context, and would likely generate questions from the senior rater over the rating ability of the boss. In 2006, the Navy tested a prototype model of the 360-degree feedback process in the Surface Warfare Community. Similar to Army results, the Navy prototype showcased a strength of the 360-degree feedback process is its ability to provide varying perspectives of raters. The Navy prototype findings also emphasized that a supervisor cannot observe all the interactions, strengths and opportunities for improvement of his subordinates for evaluation reports, especially if the span of control is broad.  [2]  So why should the supervisor be the only person to provide performance feedback? Discussion A major advantage to the 360-degree feedback process is that it provides an opportunity for people with whom a person comes into frequent contact to offer feedback. This is an important consideration because the rater should be the person that has observed the employee on a frequent basis. It would be unfair and impractical to ask a rater for input when the opportunity to observe an employees skills, talents and abilities have not been provided on a regular basis. Lets look at two examples of 360-degree feedback in action; first lets look at an Army Captain who serves as a signal officer in an infantry battalion. His rater is the Battalion Executive Officer, a combat-arms officer, who does not know much about communication other than how to operate a radio. If the signal officer performs his job well, the XO will likely give him a reasonably favorable review on a traditional Evaluation Review. Now lets use a 360-degree feedback process and involve his higher-echelon counterpart, the Brigade S6 Officer, who is a Major and a signal officer, who gives the Captain an excellent rating based on his technical proficiency. If we involve his section, they can comment on his leadership, management style and his ability to explain complex technical issues in plain English. His peers in the battalion, other captains and the company commanders, all give him high marks for working with them to resolve communication issues. Now the 360-degree feedback proces s is given to his senior rater, the Battalion Commander, who now has a more complete view of this officer and how he has performed based on additional feedback from numerous sources, rather than the traditional counseling from one rater that would have communicated a generic, but reasonably positive review. Another example of how this method is beneficial is to look at an Army infantry platoon leader, a 1st Lieutenant, who routinely sucks up to his company commander, volunteers his platoon for the toughest assignments, scores expert in marksmanship and fitness and has impressed the battalion commander in a field operation. This 1st Lieutenant would normally excel in the traditional counseling process, because his rater and senior rater have the impression that he is above and beyond the standard. Using the 360-degree process, lets say his platoon sergeant reports the 1st Lieutenant delegates much of his work to him and leaves work as early as possible. Some of his squad leaders complain that they always get stuck with volunteer duty while the 1st Lieutenant is off somewhere sleeping. His fellow 1st Lieutenants do not like the guy and view him as a show-off. When this review hits the senior raters desk it will give him a very different view and provide more insight than the traditional c ounseling report would provide. The above example showcases that when feedback comes from many sources, its more difficult for a person to brush aside constructive criticism and rationalize that the boss just has it in for me. If several people suggest that a leader needs to improve verbal communication skills, chances are high that this is indeed a necessary area for improvement. Another advantage of the 360-degree feedback process is that it is designed with a leadership focus in mind. Sometimes its difficult for individuals to understand the impact that their behavior may have on others. However, if they receive direct and frequent feedback on how their behaviors affect others they are more likely to be attentive. Studies show that the 360-degree feedback process is particularly strong when joined with an action plan developed by the person receiving feedback and shared with those providing the feedback. The action plan demonstrates the feedback was heard and the suggestions will be put to use as soon as possible. Studies also strongly suggest that each person receiving feedback, especially for the first time, should have a coach to help assess the comments and help to develop the action plan.  [3]  I recommend the 360-degree feedback process be coupled with competency-based job descriptions; this aids in placing an individual in a position based on the competencies of the position and it ensures the individual is evaluated on those same competencies. Now looking at 360-degree feedback from the perspective of what we learned in seminar about leadership styles. The trait theory assumes people are born with inherited traits and that some traits are particularly associated with great leaders. For instance, there is a scene in the highly-acclaimed and offbeat 1949 World War II film, 12 OClock High, in which Army Air Corps Colonel Keith Davenport, played by Gary Merrill, is the commander who becomes too close to his flyers and eventually cracks under the strain of seeing one of them commit suicide. Colonel Davenport portrayed significant traits to be successful as noted in the trait theory (willing to assume responsibility and alert to social environment). If he was assessed using the 360-degree feedback model, he would have received rave reviews from his supervisor, peers and subordinates based on his leadership style, but if evaluated on technical proficiency he would receive low marks due to the squadrons inability to perform precis ion daylight bombing. Major General Frank Savage replaced Colonel Davenport and pounded discipline and accountability into the squadron, and managed to get them back in the air with a new level of success. If General Savage was given the 360-degree feedback assessment, his rating would have surely required him to make an adjustment in his tough leadership style. This was evident by the number of transfer requests received from the pilots and the short fused IG inspection to assess squadron morale. General Savages tough leadership style ultimately proved to be successful with a significant increase in putting bombs on target as required for mission success. General Savage also projected many of the traits that are considered necessary to be a successful leader such as decisive, dependable, assertive, dominant and persistent. 360-degree feedback is not a substitute for managing poor performance. Instead it is a tool that can be implemented to help employees gain a rich, accurate perspective on how others view their leadership skills, interpersonal style and mission effectiveness. 360-degree feedback should not replace leaderships assessment and evaluation of performance. This is an important point because leaders may be tempted to use 360-degree feedback as a tool to facilitate behavior changes in poor performers. Rather than manage an employees day-to-day performance, leaders may view the multi-rater feedback process as a panacea. Although feedback from a 360-degree process can stimulate self-awareness, it cannot replace direct communication between an employee and his or her superior. An organization should exercise great care in implementing a 360-degree feedback system because unfamiliarity with a person, differences in job and task characteristics, differences in rank, and cognitive differences betwe en an employee and rater can distort assessments. Leaders should also be mindful not to view the 360- degree feedback process as a special event, using it once as part of a training or coaching session. If leaders make this mistake, the goal of ensuring that feedback is incorporated into continuous improvement plans will not be accomplished. Counter Argument To counter my thesis, I must mention that there are potential pitfalls that deal with trust and confidentiality. The key to overcoming pitfalls are to inform everyone of the plan and to stick to it. Additionally, privacy to recipients, and confidentiality to raters regarding the feedback they provide, is an absolute must. As previously described, the tricky part is that we are nearing the line of subordinates possessing the capability to directly influence a leaders career. While 360-degree feedback is not a panacea, impact from any of the above risks would likely be minimal at best with todays motivated, quality all-volunteer force. Nevertheless, it would make sense to establish safeguards wherever possible. Looking at the big picture, the benefits of 360-degree feedback far exceed the pitfalls that can be remedied with careful implementation and changes in organizational culture. Despite the benefits of 360-degree feedback, there are several potential risks which weaken its validity and effectiveness. The most common risk is wrongfully assuming that using feedback from multiple sources will compensate for intentional or unintentional distortion ( i.e. lying). The truth is that feedback collected incorrectly increases rather than decreases the occurrence of error; thus, destroying the credibility of the results. Conclusion I believe that 360-degree feedback should be incorporated into performance measures more specifically leadership, communication and mission effectiveness. The 360-degree feedback program is an excellent performance feedback tool and should be designed for counseling purposes only. There are a couple of ways to regulate the use of this information. The first way is to introduce this technique as a leader developmental tool. Initially, the services could use the train-the-trainer model at the deck plate level, while incorporating it into its school systems. This method will train all leaders and supervisors in the proper use. Given that all leaders have supervisors, I do not envision significant difficulties. I strongly believe our current leader development system can provide leaders for the future force; however, I strongly believe we can improve the system to make leaders more self-aware and thereby more effective. By implementing the 360-degree feedback method into our system, we w ill grow leaders who will win the many literal and figurative wars this nation faces in the future.

Motivation Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework Essays

Motivation INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether the needs of the employees, of HRD Department of the company, I used to work for, are relevant with the Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory or not. In order to analyze above purpose, I have concentrated on five employees, after dividing them into four groups by the level of their education, income, and responsibility. Five levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs are : Physiological, safety and security, belonging and love, esteem and the self-actualization need. RELEVANT RESEARCH Bernard L Rosenbaum has written in his book, How To Motivate Today's Worker, that, "at the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy are the physiological needs (food, water, etc), followed at the next level by safety or security needs (which includes both physical safety and protection against injury or financial hardships). The higher-order needs are---love and belonging, esteem and self-actualization.(p.6). Richard I. Henderson states in his books, Influencing Employee Behavior At Work, that, lower-order needs must be satisfied before the individual is motivated (driven) to satisfy a higher-order need.(p.4) Frank Goble, in the words of Abraham Maslow, wrote in his book, The Third Force," It is unusual, not usual," he says, " that an act or a conscious wish have but one motivation.". In other words the whole person is motivated, not just a part of him.(p.36).In the book called The Gold and the Garbage in Management Theories and Prescriptions, James A. Lee states that, Maslow's theory stresses 1) that humans are wanting animals whose motivation will stem from unsatisfied needs, which means that satisfied needs are not motivators; and 2)that these needs are arranged in a hierarchy of importance, which results in shifts in motivation to the next higher level of needs as lower levels are satisfied. The author further adds, that according to this theory of needs hierarchy, for any given person, one class of needs will be more motivating than other. (p.64, p.66). The blue-collar Employees The blue-collar employees in the department have the lowest level of education and are mostly from low- income families. These employees carry the burden of large families, which often includes their unemployed/dependent family members such as retired parents, spouse, children and at times even their unemployed brothers or sist... ...s very much applicable and also reliable, however, the best person to know whether Maslow's theory of Hierarchy of Needs is applicable or not is the individual himself or herself. Maslow was one of the first people to be associated with the humanistic, as opposed to a task-based, approach to management. As people have increasingly come to be appreciated as a key resource in successful companies, Maslow’s model has remained a valuable management concept. Works Cited: Rosenbaum, B.L.(1982). How to Motivate Today's Workers. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Henderson, R.L.(1982).Influencing Employee Behavior at Work. Georgia: Business Publishing Division, Georgia State University. Lee, J.A.(1980).The Gold and the Garbage in Management Theories and Prescription. Ohio: Ohio University Press. Argyris, C.(1964).Integrating the Individual and the Organization. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hagerty, M.R.(1990).Testing Maslow's Hierarchy of needs: National Quality-of-life across time. Social Indicators Research: Vol.46 (pp.249). Kluwer Academic Publishers. Goble, F.G.(1970). The Third Force. New York: Grossman Publishers.

Psychological perspectives Essay

The brain is a super computer with a complicated network of neurones subserving many of the activities of our daily life. Many of us are unaware of the various interconnected processes that work in unison to let us lead a simple uncomplicated life. Only when someone is ill or not normal do we feel the messing up of a great system. Cognitive function is the intellectual process by which a person becomes aware of, perceives or comprehends ideas. Recognition, conception, sensing, thinking, reasoning, remembering and imagining all come under cognitive functions ( Parayannis, 2000) Behaviour, being emotional or angry are other features of cognitive functions of the brain. They are all related to specific centers or regions of the brain. Injury in the form of trauma or illnesses leads to various cognitive impairments. Summarizing I would deign to declare that each of us is what our brains would want us to be. The combinations and permutations of the neurones decide our personality, skills, talents, feelings, behavior and responses. However we are aware of the fact only in the case of damage to one or more areas of the brain. The theme I shall discuss in my paper is â€Å" Psychological perspectives†. I have selected four chapters from this course which I believe should carry the message of the enigma that is the brain and the emotions that are attached for a social set up. They are Memory System (Chapter 8), Cerebral Cortex and the Lobes of the brain( Chapter 2), Aggression and Prosocial Behaviour (Chapter 16 ) and Social Development (Chapter 3). Memory Memory is of three kinds: sensory, short-term and long-term. Sensory memory depends on auditory, visual and visuo spatial functions . Both cerebral hemispheres are involved in analyzing sensory data, performing memory functions, learning new information, forming thoughts and making decisions (Parayannis, 2000). The left takes care of the sequential analysis. New information is systematically and logically interpreted. Symbolic information like language, mathematics, abstraction and memory is also dealt with. Memory is stored in a language format. The right hemisphere deals with the interpretation of multiple sensory inputs and here memory is stored as auditory, visual and spatial functions. One’s environment is understood. The interpretation of dancing and gymnastics are possible through the right hemisphere functions. Short term memory holds small amounts of information. Selective attention is involved. Everything that we see or hear is not stored. Short term memory is sensitive to interruption or interference. combined with other mental processes, short term memory forms an area of working memory which we use to do our thinking with. This behaves like a scratchpad. When we tackle arithmetic, do a puzzle, prepare a meal or read something, we are using our working memory. Information that has to be stored for long is possible due to long term memory which is also a function of the brain. The area which holds infinite amounts of information can never run out of ‘space’. A person’s educational caliber is supported by this long term memory which is encoded in terms of meaning and importance. Our daily activities are enabled by dual memory comprising of short term and long term memory. When we have an information which we used (short-term) but is not required for the time being, we store it in our long term memory and retrieve it when necessary. Memory loss, a feature of cognitive impairment, is the delay or failure to recall recent or distant events. Amnesia is an extreme form of memory loss when caused by a more severe injury to the brain, probably in a road accident, bomb explosion or shooting incident. Involvement due to injury or aging can produce loss of memory of varying levels. Loss can be a mild dysfunction (MCI ) or severe and named as dementia. Old people of 55-80 years of age could have cognitive impairment without having any illness. Memory loss is seen in degenerative disorders or dementias like Alzheimer’s, traumatic brain injuries, following ECT or in Korsakoff’s psychosis. Damage to the limbic system causes a loss of recent memory. This is seen in Korsakoff’s Disease. Recent events are forgotten due to a direct effect of alcohol or due to the associated nutritional deficiencies. . The ability to store and retrieve from short term memory is affected in natural aging too. The foremost problem is the loss of recent memory in Alzheimer’s Disease. The care-taker needs to be extremely patient as all her time would be spent for looking after the patient ( Ballenger, 2006). Traumatic Amnesia usually occurs as a transient phenomenon following a head injury. ECT induced amnesia follows episodes of ECT in a psychiatric illness. The amnesia is transient and may last a year. Patients with implicit memory (not dependent on the part of the brain) remember to do some things (Dorf et al, 1994). Extensive damage to the left cerebral cortex can affect long term memory. Damage to the right cerebral cortex produces a disturbance in the visual and auditory perceptions and visuo-spatial deficit. Memories of seen articles or heard songs or even regularly visited places would not be remembered. The Cerebral Cortex and the Lobes of the Brain The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum and the brain stem. The cerebrum forms the greatest part and is divided into lobes named by the overlying bone (April, 1990). The left and right cerebral hemispheres consist of the cerebral cortex, white matter and basal ganglia. The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain composed of grey matter. It has 1015 individual neurons connected in specific patterns. The white matter holds the tracts which connect the neurons. The surface is folded into gyri separated by sulci or grooves. Each half of the cerebral hemispheres has the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, the limbic lobe and the central lobe. Motor and sensory cortex are found. Sensory cortex is again sub-divided into primary, secondary and association cortices. Primary is where the stimulus reaches first. Secondary is the area which is connected to the primary and helps in the processing. Association cortices have a 2 stimuli input. There are 3 identified associative cortices. They are the basis of thought and perception with practically no influence on behavior. They are the parieto-temporal-occipital cortex, pre-frontal area and the limbic association area. The first receives somatosensory, auditory and visual projections. These associative areas integrate the information from the sensory modalities for language. Injury affecting this area causes a faulty language. The prefrontal area if affected produces problems in several cognitive behaviours. Difficulty arises in control of motor planning. The ability to concentrate and attend, elaboration of thought, personality and emotional traits are determined here. The frontal lobe subserves cognition and memory. Broadman’s area in the left frontal lobe is involved with voluntary motor activities( April,1990). Damage to this area causes contralateral hemiplegia associated with a motor aphasia (involvement of the prefrontal cortex or Broca’s area). The parietal lobe processes sensory inputs and discrimination, body orientation and ability to write. Damage would produce an inability to recognize parts of the body, space and an inability to write. The occipital lobe is involved with primary visual function and visual interpretation. Damage would cause cortical blindness even when the eyes are perfectly normal. The temporal lobe which has the Wernicke’s area subserves the auditory function, expressed behaviour, receptive language and memory. Damage would result in hearing deficits, childish behaviour and receptive aphasia. Lateralisation is evident in the right and left handedness of people. However this is no indication of the dominance of any hemisphere. 95% of people have left hemisphere language function, 18. 8% have right hemisphere language function. 19. 8 % have bilateral language functions. Linear reasoning, speech and vocabulary are lateralised to the left hemisphere. Dyscalculia is caused by damage to the left temporo-parietal region. This leads to difficulty in doing mathematics. Some language functions like intonation and accentuation are with the right hemisphere. Musical and visual stimuli, spatial manipulation, facial perception and artistic ability are functions of the right too. Logical reasoning is with the left but intuitive reasoning is with the right. Cerebral asymmetry is the feature of the normal human brain. The left is the dominant hemisphere with language functions while the right is involved more with visuo-spatial functions. An acquired language deficit accompanying right-sided stroke (left hemisphere involvement) is the best indication that the left hemisphere is dominant for language. The right hemisphere stroke does not involve speech problems. The corpus callosum connects the 2 hemispheres and coordinates the functions of both. Any injury to this area causes ‘Split brain’ where the coordination between the 2 hemispheres is lost. A ‘split brain’ patient does not speak of emotions or feelings. The right hemisphere and the left behave independently. The patient appears to have 2 minds. It was revealed in studies by Robert Sperry, a psychobiologist, who conducted studies in patients in whom commissurectomy (severing the corpus callosum from each hemisphere ) was done as a treatment for intractable epilepsy. He found that the two halves of the brain had specific functions and each side acted independently, whereas in the normal brain, the two halves act in coordination. This is the theory of hemispheric independence (Zaire et al, 1990) After the operation, the right half showed predominance when it came to spatial tasks like arrangement of blocks. The limbic area is the area of the brain that affects the emotions, rage, fear and sex. Integration of recent memory and biological rhythms are decided here. If this area is affected, an angry but frightened personality without emotional control would be the result. Recent memory would be lost. Aggression and Prosocial Behavior Prosocial Behaviour is helpful behavior intended to help another. It is different from altruism in that it is not voluntary helping behaviour that is costly to the giver (Psychology:An International Perspective, 2004). Another definition states that this refers to the â€Å"voluntary actions intended to help another† ( Eisenberg and Mussen, 1989). Prosocial behaviour refers to the consequences of a doer’s actions rather than the motivations behind them. They include sharing, comforting, rescuing and helping, understanding the needs of the recipient (Knickerbocker, Learning to give). Traditional theories of helping include sociobiology, social learning , empathy and arousal. Physical aggression is a major health problem. Childhood aggression is a precursor to physical and mental health problems that occur in later life. Aggressive children are also liable to higher risk of substance abuse , alcoholism, accidents, violent crimes, depression, suicide attempts, spouse abuse, neglectful and abusive parenting (Tremblay et al, 2004) It is unusual for the aggressive students to really harm their targets. However in studies of physical aggression in infancy, it was shown that by 17 months, a large majority of children are already aggressive towards their siblings, parents and peers (Tremblay et al, 2004). A study by Tremblay et al attempted to identify the trajectories of physical aggressions during early childhood and also o identify antecedents of high levels of physical aggression early in life. 572 families with a 5- month old baby were selected and followed up till 42 months. 3 trajectories were identified. The first group of 28% had children who displayed little or no aggression. 58% showed a rising trajectory of modest aggression. 14 % showed a high level of physical aggression (Tremblay et al, 2004). Best predictors before the birth of the child were, having other siblings, confidence interveal, mothers with early( before end of high school ) and high antisocial behaviour , young mothers, families with low income and mothers who smoked. The conclusion indicated was that physical aggression started in early infancy. All the predictors before birth were reasons for the child not learning how to preventive interventions. In order to change or reduce the long term impacts preventive intervention programmes must be chalked out effectively (Tremblay et al, 2004) In a model identifying 5 factors that prompt voluntarism (Clary and Snyder, 1990), they found that a combination of factors ultimately motivates volunteers. One factor is altruism but all the other four are self serving: motivation by socially adjustable conditions, ego defensive considerations, the desire to acquire knowledge or skills for personal or professional education and helping understanding the needs. Aggression is caused in 3 ways in a child: instinct, rewards and observation. Obviously these 3 factors rule the manner in which the aggression is to be overcome or prevented. Catharsis may be tried to vent the child’s anger in other ways. Rewarding non aggressive behaviour works. Cognitive training is also effective. Promoting prosocial behaviour should be tried. Rewarding good behaviour may not be so effective. A better way is to try modelling. The parent should ‘model’ good behaviour as the child always has a tendency to imitate its parents. The parent appeals to the childs pride and desire to be agrown-up (Aggressive and Prosocial Behaviour, Psychology campus. com). Social development Like all humans , babies are also social creatures. It was found from studies that babies recognise themselves at the age of 15 months. Prior to that, they would treat their mirror image as another like them and would even coax them to come out to play. At about 15 months of age, the baby starts showing interest in others and developing a social awareness. It starts showing the emotions of shame, guilt, embarassment and pride. These babies glance at the facial expressions of others to decide how to react just like adults. In one study babies placed at the side of a high cliff kept watching their mothers’ faces. If they were encouraging, the babies would cross. When the mothers exhibited fear, the babies did not move. This is identified as social referencing. It. demonstrated the emotional bond or attachment of the babies with their mothers or caregivers. For most infants emotional bonding appears around 8 to 12 months of age. Psychologist Mary Ainsworth (1913 -1999) spoke about 3 kinds of attachments. The securely attached infants would be upset by the mother’s absence. An insecure avoidant child is anxious about the mother’s absence but turns away when she returns. An insecure ambivalent child also has an emotional bond but has mixed feelings . It wants to be with the mother but is angry at her and does not want contact. Attachments do play a role in the life of the child and its future behaviour. The securely attached ones would be the most confident. Attachment failures could be damaging. The mother has a strong role in promoting attachment in an infant, hoping to improve its mental status and bringing up a resilient child. Attachments to fathers provides one more reason to have a closely knit family with well behaved children. When a seond child arrives, attachment security drops. Commercial child care centers if of good quality does provide additional security. Children tend to have better relationships with their mothers and lesser problems.